Sedmogodišnji rat

Sedmogodišnji rat je naziv za rat koji je zapravo trajao devet godina, od 1754. do 1763. godine. Alternativni naziv je i Treći šleski rat. Sukobljene su strane bile Velika Britanija, britanske kolonije u Sjevernoj Americi, Pruska i Braunschweig-Lüneburg protiv Francuske (i Nove Francuske (Kanade)), Austrije, Rusije, Švedske i Saske. Španija i Portugal poslije su uvučeni u sukob, a vojska neutralne Holandije napadnuta je u Indiji.[1][2]
Uzroci i pozadina
[uredi | uredi izvor]Marija Terezija, carica Svetog Rimskog Carstva, je u periodu nakon Rata za austrijsko nasljeđe željela povratiti pokrajinu Šleziju koju joj je oteo pruski kralj Fridrik II. Protiv Pruske i Velike Britanije, koja je stala na njenu stranu, stvorena je velika koalicija u kojoj su bili Austrija, Francuska, Rusija, Saska, Švedska i Poljska.
Borbe u Evropi
[uredi | uredi izvor]Zarobljavanjem saske vojske kod Pirne u novembru 1756. godine, Fridrik II, kralj Pruske, samo je djelimično ostvario svoj ratni plan. Zbog poodmaklog doba godine, pokušaj zaposjedanja Češke, ne bi li Austriju prisilio na odustajanje od rata, morao je odgoditi za proljeće sljedeće godine.
Fridrik II upao je u Češku između 18. i 22. aprila 1757. godine, krenuvši koncentrično prema Pragu u četiri kolone: feldmaršal Schwerin s 34.300 vojnika iz Šleske i vojvoda Beverna s 20.300 vojnika iz istočne Saske, sjedinivši se 27. aprila na rijeci Iser pod Schwerinovim zapovjedništvom, te kralj s 39.600 vojnika iz središnje Saske od Dresdena, kojem se 25. aprila pridružio knez Anhalta dolazeći s 19.300 vojnika iz zapadne Saske.
Feldmaršal Browne, zamjenik vrhovnoga austrijskog zapovjednika u Češkoj, princa Karla Aleksandra Lotarinškog, koji je zbog bolova u nogama ostao u Beču, nije vjerovao kako će neprijatelj krenuti naprijed, iako su se tokom aprila množile vijesti o mogućem napadaju. Prusima stoga nije bilo teško napredovati jer su se iznenađene i raštrkane austrijske postrojbe još nalazile usred priprema za vojnu: Nadasdy s 15.000 vojnika u Moravskoj i austrijskom dijelu Šleske, Serbelloni s 27.200 vojnika u istočnoj Češkoj, 39.100 vojnika pod izravnim Brownovim zapovjedništvom oko Praga i Budima, te Königsegg s 22.900 vojnika u sjevernoj i vojvoda od Arenberga s 24.200 vojnika u zapadnoj Češkoj.
Godine 1760. je uslijedila pobjeda pruskog kralja u bitkama kod Torgaua i Legnice, ali je nakon toga Fridrik II. 1761. morao pretrpjeti napad na Brandenburg te zauzimanje Berlina od strane Rusa i Austrijanaca.[1][2]
Borbe u Kanadi
[uredi | uredi izvor]Do polovice 18. stoljeća u Sjevernoj Americi je povremeno dolazilo do ratnih sukoba između Britanaca i Francuza oko trgovine te zbog njihovih sukoba u Evropi.
Godine 1753. Francuzi iz Kanade krenuli su prema jugu kako bi zauzeli dio doline Ohija. Britanska vojska i doseljenici s istočne obale su ih krenuli presresti. U pojedinačnim bitkama su obje strane bilježile uspjehe, ali ne i konačnu pobjedu. Godine 1756. Francuzi šalju novog zapovjednika, markiza od Montcalma, a 1758. iz Britanije dolazi general James Wolfe. Britanci napadaju francuski teritorij, pa i Quebec, glavni grad francuske Kanade.
U augustu 1759. Wolfe je utaboren istočno od Quebeca. Planirao je iznenadni napad u kojem bi se njegove snage iskrcale uzvodno od Quebeca, u podnožju strmih litica. Dana 13. septembra, u 1 sat poslije ponoći, on i njegovi ljudi krenuli su u akciju. U 4 sata ujutro došli su do mjesta iskrcavanja, popeli se uz litice i već u zoru se počeli primicati Abrahamovoj visoravni. Ubrzo su nanjeli poraz Montcalmovoj iznenađenoj vojsci, ali i Wolfe i Montcalm su smrtno ranjeni u bici.[1][2]
Kraj rata
[uredi | uredi izvor]Rusija se iznenada povukla kada je umrla carica Elizabeta Petrovna koja je gajila strastvenu mržnju prema pruskom kralju Fridriku II. Naslijedio ju je izrazito propruski raspoložen sestrić, Petar III, a njega njegova supruga njemačkog porijekla Katarina II, što je spasilo Fridrika II. Sklopljen je mir koji se sastojao od dva ugovora 1763. godine: u Parizu, gdje je priznat poraz Burbona u korist Velike Britanije i predaja francuskih kolonija Britancima, i u Hubertsburgu, kojim je potvrđen status quo, odnosno Šlezija je ostala Pruskoj.[1]
Također pogledajte
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- 1 2 3 4 Sedmogodišnji rat Arhivirano 30. 4. 2013. na Wayback Machine sa stranice historicum.net učitano 15.5.2014 (de)
- 1 2 3 Andreas Molitor, Br 04, 2011 Sedmogodišnji rat - Pod bukom od tristo topova iz njemačkih novina WELT učitano 15.5.2014 (de)
Vanjski linkovi
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Ostali jezici
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Füssel, Marian (2010). Der Siebenjährige Krieg. Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert (jezik: njemački). München: Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-60695-3.
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