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Shawarma

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Shawarma (/ʃəˈwɑːrmə/; Arabiko: شاورما)usa ka sikat nga pagkaon sa kadalanan sa Tunga-tungang Sidlakan nga naggikan sa Levant atol sa Imperyong Ottoman.[1][2][3][4][5] Kini gilangkoban sa karne nga gihiwa og nipis, gipatong-patong sa balit-ad nga kono, ug giluto sa hinay nga pagtuyok nga bertikal nga tuhog. Tradisyonal nga gihimo gamit ang karnero o karnero, mahimo usab kini buhaton gamit ang manok, karne sa pabo, baka, falafel o veal.[6][7][8] Ang nawong sa karne sa rotisserie kanunay nga gikiskis kung kini maluto na ug andam na nga i-serve.[9][10] Ang Shawarma usa ka sikat nga pagkaon sa kadalanan sa tibuok kalibutan.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Etimolohiya

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Ang ngalang shāwarmā sa Arabiko usa ka hubad sa terminong çevirme sa Turko ( [tʃeviɾˈme], lit. 'turning; hence, roughly synonymous to döner in this context'), nga nagtumong sa rotisserie. [18]

Ang ngalan gipamatud-an sa Ingles ug Arabiko sa sayong bahin sa ika-19 nga siglo; ang 1895 nga diksyonaryo ni Socrates Spiro sa Egyptian Arabic-English gihubad nga šāwirma (شاورمه) isip "lami nga linat-an, sinugba nga karne". [19]

Kasaysayan

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Pag-andam sa Shawarma sa Lebanon, 1950

Ang teknik sa shawarma — pag-ihaw og bertikal nga pundok sa mga hiwa sa karne ug pagputol niini samtang giluto — unang mitungha atol sa Ottoman Empire sa ika-19 nga siglo sa porma sa döner kebab,[20][21][22][23]diin gikan ang Greek gyros ug Levantine shawarma.[24][25][26] Ang kabag-ohan niining teknik giila sa Encyclopedia Britannica ngadto sa usa ka Turko nga magbabaligya og karne nga ginganlag Iskender sa ika-19 nga siglo, kansang tindahan sa Bursa nagtanyag og mga sinugba nga karne nga gipatong-patong sa bertikal nga tuhog ug hinayhinay nga gihiwa-hiwa. [27]

Ang Shawarma misangpot sa pag-uswag sa kontemporaryong putahe sa Mexico nga tacos al pastor sa sayong bahin sa ika-20 nga siglo sa dihang gidala kini didto sa mga imigrante nga Lebanese. [28] Ang putahe sikat usab kaayo sa Ottawa, Ontario, diin adunay dakong komunidad sa mga Lebanese diaspora. [29][30] Niadtong 2024, gideklara sa Ottawa City Council ang Ottawa nga "shawarma capital of Canada", human sa usa ka mosyon nga gisang-at ni Laura Dudas. [31]

Mga Reperensya

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  1. ↑ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2018-08-10 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ Prichep, Deena; Estrin, Daniel (2015-05-07). "Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor". PRI. Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  3. ↑ Salloum, Habeeb; Lim, Suan L. (2010). The Arabian Nights Cookbook: From Lamb Kebabs to Baba Ghanouj, Delicious Homestyle Arabian Cooking. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub. p. 66. ISBN 9781462905249. OCLC 782879761. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
  4. ↑ Philip Mattar (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 840. ISBN 978-0-02-865771-4. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  5. ↑ Lewis McNamee, Gregory. "shawarma". Britannica.
  6. ↑ Albala, Ken, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 197, 225, 250, 260–261, 269. ISBN 9780313376269. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2020-10-20 – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2014). Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780191040726. OCLC 1119636257 – via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2018-08-10 – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Vol. 2 (Hardcover ed.). Macmillan Library Reference. p. 840. ISBN 9780028657714. OCLC 469317304. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2015-11-14. Shawarma is a popular Levantine Arab specialty.
  10. ↑ La Boone, III, John A. (2006). Around the World of Food: Adventures in Culinary History (Paperback ed.). iUniverse, Inc. p. 115. ISBN 0595389686. OCLC 70144831. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2020-10-20. Shawarma - An Arab sandwich similar to the gyro.
  11. ↑ الهواري, د عبد القادر. أسلمة العالم (in Arabic). ببلومانيا للنشر والتوزيع. p. 54.
  12. ↑ Kraig, Bruce; Sen, Colleen Taylor (2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. xxv, 18–19, 127–129, 339. ISBN 978-1598849554. OCLC 864676073.
  13. ↑ Al Khan, Mohammed N. (31 July 2009). "Shawarma: the Arabic fast food". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Jenny Walker; Terry Carter; Lara Dunston (2007). Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula. Lonely Planet. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-1-74104-546-8.
  15. ↑ "Egypt: The Shawarma Dispute". fr:Orient XXI (in English). 25 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
  16. ↑ "As shawarma snags top spot on World's Best Sandwiches list, know all about its history and how it became a delight worldwide". The Indian Express (in English). 2 April 2025. Retrieved 28 July 2026.
  17. ↑ Gaul, Anny; Pitts, Graham Auman; Valosik, Vicki (4 January 2022). "Introduction". Making Levantine Cuisine: Modern Foodways of the Eastern Mediterranean (in English). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-2457-8. Retrieved 28 July 2026.
  18. ↑ Al Khan, Mohammed N. (31 July 2009). "Shawarma: the Arabic fast food". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  19. ↑ Spiro, Socrates (1895). An Arabic-English Vocabulary of the Colloquial Arabic of Egypt: Containing the Vernacular Idioms and Expressions, Slang Phrases, Etc., Etc., Used by the Native Egyptians (in Arabic). Al-Mokattam printing office. p. 301. Retrieved 14 December 2025.
  20. ↑ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2018-08-10 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Eberhard Seidel-Pielen (May 10, 1996). "Döner-Fieber sogar in Hoyerswerda" [Doner fever even in Hoyerswerda]. Die Zeit (in German). Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2016. Neither in the written recipes of the medieval Arab cuisine nor in the Turkish cookbooks from the first half of the 19th century are there any indications. According to research carried out by Turkish master chef Rennan Yaman, who lives in Berlin, the doner kebab is an amazingly young creation of Ottoman cuisine. (Quote translated from the German)
  22. ↑ Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds. (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 1147. ISBN 9780521402156. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2019-07-23 – via Google Books. Bursa is the town that gave birth to the world-famous doner kebab, meat roasted on a vertical revolving spit.
  23. ↑ Lewis McNamee, Gregory. "shawarma". Britannica.
  24. ↑ Marks, Gil (2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780544186316. OCLC 849738985. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2018-08-10 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Prichep, Deena; Estrin, Daniel (2015-05-07). "Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor". PRI. Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  26. ↑ Kremezi, Aglaia (2010). "What's in the Name of a Dish?". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Food and Language: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009. Vol. 28. Totnes: Prospect Books. pp. 203–204. ISBN 9781903018798. OCLC 624419365. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
  27. ↑ Lewis McNamee, Gregory. "shawarma". Britannica.
  28. ↑ Prichep, Deena; Estrin, Daniel (2015-05-07). "Thank the Ottoman Empire for the taco al pastor". PRI. Archived from the original on 2015-05-08. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  29. ↑ Deachman, Bruce (2017-09-02). "Shawarma: the staple of Ottawa cuisine". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  30. ↑ "Dining In: Laheeb Shawarma and Laheeb Grill lifting the bar for Middle Eastern fast food". Ottawa Citizen (in Canadian English). Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  31. ↑ Pringle, Josh (3 April 2024). "Ottawa is the 'Shawarma Capital of Canada,' council declares". CTVNews (in English). Retrieved 28 July 2026.
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