Prunus
| Prunus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prunus cerasus (sour cherry) in bloom | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amygdaloideae |
| Tribe: | Amygdaleae |
| Genus: | Prunus L. |
| Type species | |
| P. domestica | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Prunus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs from the family Rosaceae, with about 340 accepted species (as of March 2024[update])[4][5] that include peaches and nectarines, apricots, plums, cherries and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution,[4] being native to the temperate regions of North America, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Eurasia and Africa.[6]
Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their sweet, fleshy fruit, as well as for decorative purposes due to the colorful seasonal blossom of their flowers. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena ("stone" or "pit")[7] that encloses the seed (or "kernel"), which is edible in some species (such as almonds) but poisonous in many others (such as apricot kernels). Besides being eaten fresh, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used to make processed foods and beverages such as canned and dried fruit, fruit juices (e.g. cherry and prune juice), jam, gelatine desserts and roasted seeds.[8]
Description
[edit]Members of the genus are either deciduous or evergreen. A few species have spiny stems. The leaves are simple, alternate, usually lanceolate, unlobed, and often with nectaries on the leaf stalk along with stipules. The flowers are usually white to pink, sometimes red, with five petals and five sepals. Numerous stamens are present. Flowers are borne singly, or in umbels of two to six or sometimes more on racemes. The fruit is a fleshy drupe (a "prune") with a single relatively large, hard-coated seed (a "stone").[9]
Prunus 'Kanzan' in bloom
Inner canopy of Kanzan cherry in bloom
Black cherry (P. serotina) in bloom
Japanese cherry (P. serrulata)
Tibetan cherry (P. serrula)
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Taxonomy
[edit]Within the rose family Rosaceae, it was traditionally placed as a subfamily, the Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Prunoideae"), but was sometimes placed in its own family, the Prunaceae (or Amygdalaceae). More recently, Prunus is thought to have evolved from within a much larger clade now called subfamily Amygdaloideae (incorrectly "Spiraeoideae").[3]
Classification
[edit]Evolutionary history
[edit] | This section needs to be updated. (September 2021) |
The oldest fossils confirmed to belong to Prunus date to the Eocene, and are found across the Northern Hemisphere. Older potential Late Cretaceous records are unconfirmed.[10]
The earliest known fossil Prunus specimens are wood, drupe, seed, and a leaf from the middle Eocene of the Princeton Chert of British Columbia, Canada.[11] Using the known age as calibration data, a partial phylogeny of some of the Rosaceae from a number of nucleotide sequences was reconstructed.[12] Prunus and its sister clade Maloideae (apple subfamily) has been suggested to have diverged 44.3 million years ago which is within the Lutetian, or older middle Eocene.[a] Stockey and Wehr report: "The Eocene was a time of rapid evolution and diversification in Angiosperm families such as the Rosaceae ...."[11] The oldest fossil species is Prunus cathybrownae from the Klondike Mountain Formation.[13]
The Princeton finds are among a large number of angiosperm fossils from the Okanagan Highlands dating to the late early and middle Eocene. Crataegus is found at three locations: the McAbee Fossil Beds, British Columbia; the Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington, and the Allenby Formation around Princeton, British Columbia, while Prunus is found at those locations plus the Coldwater Beds of Quilchena, British Columbia and Chu Chua Formation around Chu Chua, British Columbia. A review of research on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands[14] reported that the Rosaceae were more diverse at higher altitudes. The Okanagan highlands formations date to as early as 52 mya, but the (approximate) 44.3 mya date[citation needed] might still apply. The authors state that "the McAbee flora records a diverse early middle Eocene angiosperm-dominated forest."[14]: 165
Linnean classification
[edit]In 1737, Carl Linnaeus used four genera to include the species of modern Prunus—Amygdalus, Cerasus, Prunus, and Padus—but simplified it to Amygdalus and Prunus in 1758.[15] Since then, the various genera of Linnaeus and others have become subgenera and sections, as all the species clearly are more closely related. Liberty Hyde Bailey said: "The numerous forms grade into each other so imperceptibly and inextricably that the genus cannot be readily broken up into species."[16]
Traditional classification
[edit]Historical treatments break the genus into several different genera, but this segregation is not currently widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. The ITIS recognises just the single genus Prunus, with an open list of species,[b] all of which are given at List of Prunus species.[c]
One treatment of the subgenera derives from the work of Alfred Rehder in 1940. Rehder hypothesized five subgenera: Amygdalus, Prunus, Cerasus, Padus, and Laurocerasus.[17] To them C. Ingram added Lithocerasus.[18] The six subgenera are described as follows:
- Subgenus Amygdalus, almonds and peaches: axillary buds in threes (vegetative bud central, two flower buds to sides); flowers in early spring, sessile or nearly so, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side; stone deeply grooved; type species: Prunus amygdalus (almond)
- Subgenus Prunus, plums and apricots: axillary buds solitary; flowers in early spring stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit with a groove along one side, stone rough; type species: Prunus domestica (plum)
- Subgenus Cerasus, true cherries: axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus cerasus (sour cherry)
- Subgenus Lithocerasus, bush cherries: axillary buds in threes; flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus pumila (sand cherry)
- Subgenus Padus, bird cherries: axillary buds single; flowers in late spring in racemes on leafy shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus padus (European bird cherry), now known to be polyphyletic[19]
- Subgenus Laurocerasus, cherry laurels: evergreen (all the other subgenera are deciduous); axillary buds single; flowers in early spring in racemes, not on leafed shoots, short-stalked; fruit not grooved, stone smooth; type species: Prunus laurocerasus (European cherry-laurel)
Phylogenetic classification
[edit]An extensive phylogenetic study based on different chloroplast and nuclear sequences divides Prunus into three subgenera:[20]
- Subg. Padus: In addition to species of Padus (bird cherries), this subgenus also includes species of Maddenia (false bird cherries), Laurocerasus (cherry laurels) and Pygeum.
- Subg. Cerasus: This subgenus includes true cherries such as sweet cherry, sour cherry, mahaleb cherry and Japanese flowering cherry.
- Subg. Prunus: This subgenus includes the following sections:
- Sect. Prunus: Old World plums
- Sect. Prunocerasus: New World plums
- Sect. Armeniaca: apricots
- Sect. Microcerasus: bush cherries
- Sect. Amygdalus: almonds
- Sect. Persica: peaches
- Sect. Emplectocladus: desert almonds
Species
[edit]The lists below are incomplete, but include most more commonly cultivated species.[citation needed]
Afro-Eurasian species
[edit]- P. africana – African cherry
- P. amygdalus – almond
- P. apetala – clove cherry
- P. armeniaca – apricot
- P. avium – sweet cherry or wild cherry
- P. brigantina – Briançon apricot
- P. buergeriana – dog cherry
- P. campanulata – Taiwan cherry
- P. canescens – gray-leaf cherry
- P. cerasifera – cherry plum
- P. cerasoides – wild Himalayan cherry
- P. cerasus – sour cherry
- P. ceylanica – Ceylon cherry
- P. cocomilia – Italian plum
- P. cornuta – Himalayan bird cherry
- P. davidiana – David's peach
- P. darvasica – Darvaz plum
- P. domestica – common plum
- P. fruticosa – European dwarf cherry
- P. glandulosa – Chinese bush cherry
- P. grayana – Japanese bird cherry
- P. incana – willow-leaf cherry
- P. incisa – Fuji cherry
- P. jacquemontii – Afghan bush cherry
- P. japonica – Japanese bush cherry
- P. laurocerasus – cherry laurel
- P. lusitanica – Portugal laurel
- P. maackii – Manchurian cherry
- P. mahaleb – Mahaleb cherry
- P. mandshurica – Manchurian apricot
- P. maximowiczii – Korean cherry
- P. mume – Chinese plum
- P. nipponica – Japanese alpine cherry
- P. padus – bird cherry
- P. persica – peach
- P. pseudocerasus – Chinese sour cherry
- P. prostrata – mountain cherry
- P. salicina – Japanese plum
- P. sargentii – north Japanese hill cherry
- P. scoparia – mountain almond
- P. serrula – Tibetan cherry
- P. serrulata – Japanese cherry
- P. sibirica – Siberian apricot
- P. simonii – apricot plum
- P. speciosa – Oshima cherry
- P. spinosa – blackthorn, sloe
- P. ssiori – Hokkaido bird cherry
- P. subhirtella – winter-flowering cherry
- P. tenella – dwarf Russian almond
- P. tomentosa – Nanking cherry
- P. triloba – flowering plum
- P. turneriana – almondbark
- P. ursina – Bear's plum
- P. × yedoensis – Yoshino cherry
- P. zippeliana – big-leaf cherry (Chinese: 大叶桂樱)
Species found in the Americas
[edit]- P. alabamensis – Alabama cherry
- P. alleghaniensis – Allegheny plum
- P. americana – American plum
- P. andersonii – desert peach
- P. angustifolia – Chickasaw plum
- P. brasiliensis – Brazilian cherry
- P. buxifolia – chuwacá
- P. caroliniana – Carolina laurelcherry
- P. cortapico
- P. emarginata – bitter cherry
- P. eremophila – Mojave Desert plum
- P. fasciculata – wild almond
- P. fremontii – desert apricot
- P. geniculata – scrub plum
- P. gentryi – Gentry cherry
- P. gracilis – Oklahoma plum
- P. havardii – Havard's plum
- P. hortulana – Hortulan plum
- P. huantensis
- P. ilicifolia – hollyleaf cherry
- P. integrifolia
- P. maritima – beach plum
- P. mexicana – Mexican plum
- P. minutiflora – Texas almond
- P. murrayana – Murray's plum
- P. myrtifolia – West Indies cherry
- P. nigra – Canada plum
- P. occidentalis – western cherry laurel
- P. pensylvanica – pin cherry
- P. pleuradenia – Antilles cherry
- P. pumila – sand cherry
- P. rigida
- P. rivularis – creek plum
- P. serotina – black cherry
- P. subcordata – Klamath plum
- P. subcorymbosa
- P. texana – peachbush
- P. umbellata – flatwoods plum
- P. virginiana – chokecherry
Etymology
[edit]The Online Etymology Dictionary presents the customary derivations of plum[21] and prune[22] from Latin prūnum,[23] the plum fruit. The tree is prūnus;[24] and Pliny uses prūnus silvestris to mean the blackthorn. The word is not native Latin, but is a loan from Greek προῦνον (prounon), which is a variant of προῦμνον (proumnon),[25] origin unknown. The tree is προύμνη (proumnē).[26] Most dictionaries follow Hoffman, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen, in making some form of the word a loan from a pre-Greek language of Asia Minor, related to Phrygian.
The first use of Prunus as a genus name was by Carl Linnaeus in Hortus Cliffortianus of 1737,[27] which went on to become Species Plantarum.
Pests and diseases
[edit]
Various Prunus species are winter hosts of the Damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli, which is destructive to hops Humulus lupulus just at the time of their maturity,[28] so plum trees should not be grown in the vicinity of hop fields.
Corking is the drying or withering of fruit tissue.[29] In stone fruit, it is often caused by a lack of boron and/or calcium.[30]
Gummosis is a nonspecific condition of stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, and cherry) in which gum is exuded and deposited on the bark of trees. Gum is produced in response to any type of wound – insect, mechanical injury, or disease.[31]
Apiosporina morbosa is a major fungal disease in the Northern Americas, with many urban centres running black knot fungus management programs.[32] This disease is best managed by physical removal of knot-bearing branches to prevent spore spread and immediate disposal of infected tissue.[32] Chemical treatment is not largely effective, as trees can easily be re-infected by neighbouring knots.
Laetiporus gilbertsoni (commonly sulfur shelf and chicken of the woods), is a serious cubic brown rot parasite which attacks certain species of decorative red-leaf plum trees in the genus Prunus on the Pacific coast of North America.[33][34]
Cultivation
[edit]
The genus Prunus includes the almond, the nectarine and peach, several species of apricots, cherries, and plums, all of which have cultivars developed for commercial fruit and nut production. The almond is not a true nut; the edible part is the seed. Other species are occasionally cultivated or used for their seed and fruit.
A number of species, hybrids, and cultivars are grown as ornamental plants, usually for their profusion of flowers, sometimes for ornamental foliage and shape, and occasionally for their bark.
Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many Prunus species have been introduced to parts of the world to which they are not native, some becoming naturalised.
The Tree of 40 Fruit has 40 varieties grafted on to one rootstock.[35][36]
Species such as blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), are grown for hedging, game cover, and other utilitarian purposes.
The wood of some species (notably black cherry) is prized as a furniture and cabinetry timber, especially in North America.
Many species produce an aromatic gum from wounds in the trunk; this is sometimes used medicinally. Other minor uses include dye production.
Pygeum, a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of Prunus africana, is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Prunus species are food plants for the larvae of many Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths).
Prunus species are included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[37]
Ornamental Prunus
[edit]Ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called "flowering cherries" (including sakura, the Japanese flowering cherries).
Toxicity
[edit]Many species are cyanogenic; that is, they contain compounds called cyanogenic glucosides, notably amygdalin, which, on hydrolysis, yield hydrogen cyanide.[38] Although the fruits of some may be edible by humans and livestock (in addition to the ubiquitous fructivory of birds), seeds, leaves and other parts may be toxic, some highly so.[39] The plants contain no more than trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide, but on decomposition after crushing and exposure to air or on digestion, poisonous amounts may be generated. The trace amounts may give a characteristic taste ("bitter almond") with increasing bitterness in larger quantities, less tolerable to people than to birds, which habitually feed on specific fruits.
Notes
[edit]- ↑ A date of 76 mya is given for Rosaceae, which is within the late Cretaceous.
- ↑ Do a search in the ITIS database on the scientific name Prunus for its current list.
- ↑ Other species appear, as well, which for whatever reasons are not yet in ITIS.
References
[edit]- ↑ "Rosales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ↑ Peppe, Daniel J.; Hickey, Leo J.; Miller, Ian M.; Green, Walton A. (October 2008), "A Morphotype Catalogue, Floristic Analysis and Stratigraphic Description of the Aspen Shale Flora(Cretaceous–Albian) of Southwestern Wyoming", Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 49 (2): 181–208, Bibcode:2008BPMNH..49..181P, doi:10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.181, ISSN 0079-032X
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 5–43. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266....5P. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9. S2CID 16578516. [Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]
- 1 2 "Prunus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ↑ Niklas, Karl J. (1997). The evolutionary biology of plants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226580838. OCLC 35262271.
- ↑ Chin, S.W.; Shaw, J.; Haberle, R.; Wen, J.; Potter, R. (July 2014). "Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries – Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 76: 34–48. Bibcode:2014MolPE..76...34C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024. PMID 24631854.
- ↑ Velasco, Dianne; Hough, Josh; Aradhya, Mallikarjuna; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey (1 December 2016). "Evolutionary Genomics of Peach and Almond Domestication". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 6 (12): 3985–3993. doi:10.1534/g3.116.032672. ISSN 2160-1836. PMC 5144968. PMID 27707802.
- ↑ Terry, Leon A. (2011). Health-promoting properties of fruit and vegetables. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. ISBN 9781845935283. OCLC 697808315.
- ↑ Cullen, J.; et al., eds. (1995). European Garden Flora. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521420952.
- ↑ Li, Ya; Smith, Thierry; Liu, Chang-Jiang; Awasthi, Nilamber; Yang, Jian; Wang, Yu-Fei; Li, Cheng-Sen (April 2011). "Endocarps of Prunus (Rosaceae: Prunoideae) from the early Eocene of Wutu, Shandong Province, China". Taxon. 60 (2): 555–564. Bibcode:2011Taxon..60..555L. doi:10.1002/tax.602021.
- 1 2 Stockey, Ruth A.; Wehr, Wesley C. (1996). "Flowering Plants in and around Eocene Lakes of the Interior". In Ludvigson, Rolf (ed.). Life in Stone: a Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils. Vancouver: UBCPress. pp. 234, 241, 245. ISBN 978-0-7748-0578-0.
- ↑ Oh, Sang-Hun; Potter, Daniel (2005). "Molecular phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of tribe Neillieae (Rosaceae) using DNA sequences of cpDNA, rDNA, and LEAFY1". American Journal of Botany. 92 (1): 179–192. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.1.179. PMID 21652396.
- ↑ Benedict, John C.; DeVore, Melanie L.; Pigg, Kathleen B. (May 2011). "Prunus and Oemleria (Rosaceae) Flowers from the Late Early Eocene Republic Flora of Northeastern Washington State, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (7): 948–958. Bibcode:2011IJPlS.172..948B. doi:10.1086/660880. ISSN 1058-5893.
- 1 2 Dillhoff, Richard M.; Leopold, Estella B.; Manchester, Steven R. (February 2005). "The McAbee flora of British Columbia and its relation to the Early-Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands flora of the Pacific Northwest" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 151–166. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..151D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.452.8755. doi:10.1139/e04-084. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ↑ Linnaeus Carolus (1830). Sprengel, Curtius (ed.). Genera Plantarum Editio Nona [Plant Categories, Ninth Edition]. Gottingen: Dieterich. pp. 402–403.
- ↑ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1898). Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 181.
- ↑ Lee, Sangtae; Wen, Jun (2001). "A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA". American Journal of Botany. 88 (1): 150–160. doi:10.2307/2657135. JSTOR 2657135. PMID 11159135.
- ↑ Okie, William (July 2003). "Stone Fruits". In Janick, J.; Paulii, R.E. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. C A B Intl (published 2008).
- ↑ Liu, Xiao-Lin; Wen, Jun; Nie, Ze-Long; Johnson, Gabriel; Liang, Zong-Suo; Chang, Zhao-Yang (14 December 2012). "Polyphyly of the Padus group of Prunus (Rosaceae) and the evolution of biogeographic disjunctions between eastern Asia and eastern North America". Journal of Plant Research. 126 (3): 351–361. doi:10.1007/s10265-012-0535-1. PMID 23239308. S2CID 5991106.
- ↑ Shi, Shuo; Li, Jinlu; Sun, Jiahui; Yu, Jing; Zhou, Shiliang (2013). "Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (Rosaceae)". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 55 (11): 1069–1079. Bibcode:2013JIPB...55.1069S. doi:10.1111/jipb.12095. ISSN 1744-7909. PMID 23945216.
- ↑ "plum". Online Etymological Dictionary.
- ↑ "prune". Online Etymological Dictionary.
- ↑ "prūnum". Lewis's Elementary Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library. 1890.
- ↑ "prūnus". Lewis's Elementary Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library. 1890.
- ↑ "προῦμνον". Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
- ↑ "προύμνη". Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
- ↑ Linnaeus, Carolus (1737). Hortus Cliffortianus. Amsterdam. p. 186. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.690. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ↑ "Damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli". Rothamstead Insect Survey. Rothamstead Research. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012.
- ↑ Benson, N.R.; Woodbridge, C.G.; Bartram, R.D. (1994). "Nutrient Disorders in Tree Fruits" (PDF). Pacific Northwest Extension Publications. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- ↑ Day, Kevin (27 January 1999). "Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot:A Review of the 1998 Season" (PDF). University of California Cooperative Extension – Tulare County. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- ↑ Hartman, John; Bachi, Paul (November 2005). "Gummosis and Perennial Canker of Stone Fruits" (PDF). Plant Pathology. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- 1 2 "Black knot". www.alberta.ca. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ↑ "Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus species complex)". Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ↑ "Yellow tree fungus on very old plum tree #246036". ask2.extension.org. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ↑ "The Gift of Graft: New York Artist's Tree To Grow 40 Kinds of Fruit". NPR. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ↑ "This tree produces 40 different types of fruit". ScienceAlert. 21 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ↑ Chladil, Mark; Sheridan, Jennifer (2006). "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ↑ Armstrong, E. Frankland (1913). "Glucosides". In Davis, W.A.; Sadtler, Samuel S. (eds.). Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis. Vol. VII (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 102. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ↑ Cook, Laurence Martin; Callow, Robert S. (1999). Genetic and evolutionary diversity: the sport of nature (2nd ed.). Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. p. 135.
External links
[edit]
- "GRIN Species Records of Prunus". Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- "Our Cherries Collection — Prunus". Missouri Botanical Garden: Kemper Center for Home Gardening. 2001–2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- Tree of 40 fruit website Archived 18 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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