James Clark Ross
 James Clark Ross | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | James Clark Ross |
| Haihuwa |
Finsbury Square (en)  da Landan, 15 ga Afirilu, 1800 |
| ƙasa |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Kingdom of Great Britain (en) |
| Mutuwa |
Aylesbury (mul) , 3 ga Afirilu, 1862 |
| Makwanci |
Aston Abbotts (mul) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | George Ross |
| Mahaifiya | Christian Clark |
| Abokiyar zama |
Anne Coulman (en) (18 Oktoba 1843 - |
| Yara |
view
|
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
mabudi, naturalist (en) , naval officer (en) , botanist (en) , botanical collector (en) , scientific collector (en) , seafarer (en) , polar explorer (en) , discoverer (en) da Konteradmiral (en) |
| Muhimman ayyuka |
The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror (en) |
| Kyaututtuka |
gani
|
| Mamba |
The Royal Society (mul) Linnean Society of London (en) |
| Aikin soja | |
| Fannin soja |
Royal Navy (mul) |
| Digiri |
Rear-Admiral of the Red (en) lieutenant (en) captain (en) commander (en) |
Rear-Admiral na Red Sir James Clark Ross FRS FLS FRAS (15 ga Afrilu 1800 - 3 ga Afrilu 1862) ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy kuma mai bincike wanda ya binciki Arewa da Kudancin Poles. A cikin Arctic, ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye biyu karkashin jagorancin kawunsa, John Ross, kuma a cikin hudu karkashin jagorancin William Edward Parry: a cikin Antarctic, ya jagoranci nasa tafiye-tarayye daga 1839 zuwa 1843.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Ross a Landan, ɗan George Ross [1] kuma ɗan'uwan John Ross, wanda ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya ya shiga Royal Navy a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1812. [1] Ross ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, yana nan a wani aiki inda HMS Briseis, wanda kawunsa ya umarce shi, ya kama Le Petit Poucet (mai zaman kansa na Faransa) a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1812. [1] Ross ya yi aiki tare da kawunsa a kan HMS <i id="mwNg">Actaeon</i> da HMS Driver . [2][1]
Binciken Arctic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ross ya shiga cikin tafiyar farko ta John da ba ta yi nasara ba a Arctic don neman Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma a cikin 1818 a cikin <i id="mwRw">Isabella</i> . [2] Tsakanin 1819 da 1827 Ross ya shiga cikin tafiye-tafiye hudu na Arctic a karkashin William Edward Parry, yana da sha'awar Magnetism da tarihin halitta.[2] Wannan kuma shine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin midshipman tare da Francis Crozier, wanda daga baya zai zama babban abokinsa kuma na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Daga 1829 zuwa 1833 Ross ya sake aiki a ƙarƙashin kawunsa a tafiyar Arctic ta biyu ta John. A lokacin wannan tafiya ne wani karamin jam'iyya karkashin jagorancin James Ross (ciki har da Thomas Abernethy) ya sami matsayin arewacin magnetic pole a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1831, a kan Boothia Peninsula a arewacin Kanada, kuma James Ross da kansa ya dasa tutar Burtaniya a kan gungumen.[1] A kan wannan tafiya ne kuma, Ross ya tsara tsibirin Beaufort, daga baya kawunsa ya sake masa suna Clarence Islands. Ross daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan HMS Victory a Portsmouth na tsawon watanni 12.[1]
A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1834 [1] an kara Ross zuwa kyaftin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835 ya ba da sabis ga Admiralty don sake samar da jiragen ruwa 11 na kifi waɗanda suka makale a Baffin Bay. Sun yarda da tayin, kuma ya tashi a HMS Cove a watan Janairun 1836. Hanyar ta kasance da wahala, kuma a lokacin da ya kai matsayi na karshe da aka sani na masu kifi a watan Yuni, dukansu sai daya sun sami damar komawa gida. Ross bai sami alamar wannan jirgi na ƙarshe ba, William Torr, wanda mai yiwuwa ya murkushe a cikin kankara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1835. [3] Ya koma Hull a watan Satumbar 1836 tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span>]
Binciken Magnetic na Burtaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga 1835 zuwa 1839, ban da tafiyarsa tare da Cove, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta a cikin binciken Magnetic na Biritaniya, binciken magnetic na Burtani, tare da Edward Sabine, John Phillips da Humphrey Lloyd . Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu ayyuka a kan ma'aunin geomagnetic a Ireland a cikin 1834-1835, yana aiki tare da Sabine da Lloyd. A cikin 1837, Ross ya taimaka wajen inganta T. C. Robinson na zagaye na dip a lokacin binciken; Ross ya gano sakamakon da ba daidai ba a cikin 1835 a Westbourne Green. A cikin 1838, Ross ya kammala lura da magnetic a tashoshin 12 daban-daban a duk faɗin Ireland. An kammala binciken a cikin 1838; an kuma yi amfani da wasu ƙarin ma'auni na Robert Were Fox.[4]
Binciken Antarctic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1839, aka ba Ross umarnin jagorantar wani balaguro zuwa Antarctica don manufar 'binciken maganadisu da gano yanayin ƙasa'. Tsakanin Satumba 1839 da Satumba 1843, Ross ya jagoranci HMS Erebus ya yi tafiyarsa ta Antarctica kuma ya zana taswirar yawancin gabar tekun nahiyar. Kyaftin Francis Crozier shi ne na biyu a cikin tawagar, yana jagorantar HMS Terror, tare da babban laftanar Archibald McMurdo . Francis Beaufort, mai daukar hoton ruwa na rundunar sojojin ruwa kuma memba na wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya ne suka shirya tallafin tafiyar. A cikin tafiyar akwai mai harbi Thomas Abernethy da likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa Robert McCormick, da kuma Joseph Dalton Hooker, wanda aka gayyata tare a matsayin mataimakin likitan tiyata na jirgin ruwa. Erebus da Terror jiragen ruwan bama-bamai ne - wani nau'in jirgin ruwan yaki da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bama-baman turmi, an tsara su ne don harbawa da kuma gina su da manyan runduna, don jure wa korar manyan makamai. An zabi jiragen ruwan don aikin Antarctic a matsayin wadanda za su iya jure wa kankara mai kauri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a aikace.
A kan hanyar zuwa Kudancin Tekun, Ross ya kafa tashoshin auna magnetic a Saint Helena, Cape Town, da Kerguelen kafin ya isa Hobart a farkon 1840 kuma ya kafa wani tashar dindindin tare da taimakon gwamnan John Franklin kafin ya jira bazara.[2]
Ross ya ketare Da'irar Antarctic a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1841. [2] Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gano Tekun Ross da Ƙasar Victoria, inda ya zana taswirar 900 kilometres (560 mi) na sabuwar gabar teku, har zuwa Tsibirin Possession a ranar 12 ga Janairu da kuma Tsibirin Franklin a ranar 27 ga Janairu [2] (wanda Ross ya sanya wa suna bayan John Franklin ). Daga nan ya isa Tsibirin Ross, wanda daga baya Robert F. Scott ya sanya masa suna, [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">an yi ambato</span> ] tare da dutsen mai aman wuta na Dutsen Erebus da Dutsen Terror, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don jiragen ruwan tafiyar. Sun yi tafiya na 250 nautical miles (460 km) a gefen ƙaramin shiryayyen kankara mai lebur a samansa, sun kira shi da shinge ko kuma Babban Shingayen Kankara, daga baya suka sanya wa Ross Ice Shelf suna don girmama shi.
Bayan an tilasta masa yin hunturu a Tasmania, Ross ya koma Tekun Ross a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1841 kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas bayan Marie Byrd Land zuwa Yankin Antarctic. A cikin hunturu na gaba, balaguron ya yi hunturu a Tsibirin Falkland kafin ya dawo don bincika yankin Antarctic a lokacin rani na 1842-1843.
Ross ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga kudu a kusan 55 ° W, kuma ya bincika gefen gabas na abin da yanzu ake kira James Ross Island, yana ganowa da kuma ba da sunan Snow Hill Island da Seymour Island. Ross ya ba da rahoton cewa Admiralty Sound ya bayyana a gare shi cewa an toshe shi da kankara a ƙarshen kudu.
Babban manufar balaguron ita ce neman matsayin kudancin magnetic pole.[5] Yayinda Ross ya kasa isa ga sanda, ya sami damar tantance wurin da yake. Har ila yau, tafiyar ta samar da taswirar magnetic na farko na Antarctic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span>]
Jiragen Ross sun dawo Ingila a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1843. An ba shi kyautar Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations a 1843, an ba shi lambar yabo a 1844, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a 1848. [6]
Binciken tafiyar da Franklin ya ɓace
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 31 ga Janairu [1] 1848, an aika Ross zuwa ɗaya daga cikin balaguron uku don neman John Franklin. Na biyu a cikin shugabannin Franklin shine abokin Ross na kud da kud Francis Crozier. Sauran balaguron da aka aika don neman Franklin sune balaguron Rae-Richardson Arctic da balaguron da ke cikin jirgin HMS Plover da HMS Herald ta Bering Strait . An ba shi umarnin HMS Enterprise, tare da HMS Investigator . Saboda ƙanƙara mai yawa a Baffin Bay, ya isa ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Somerset ne kawai inda aka daskare shi a Port Leopold . A lokacin bazara, shi da Leopold McClintock suka binciki gabar tekun yammacin tsibirin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa. Ya gane Peel Sound amma ya yi tunanin ƙanƙara ta shake shi har Franklin bai yi amfani da ita ba. A gaskiya ma, Franklin ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1846 lokacin da ƙanƙarar teku ta yi ƙasa sosai. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya yi ƙoƙarin isa Wellington Channel amma ƙanƙara ta toshe shi ya koma Ingila. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] A ƙarshe duk wani memba na tawagar Franklin ya mutu. [7]
Rayuwa ta mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ross ya auri Ann Coulman a shekara ta 1843. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: James, Anne, Thomas da Andrew.[8] Alamar shuɗi ta nuna gidan Ross a Eliot Place, Blackheath, London.[9] Abokinsa mafi kusa shine Francis Crozier, tare da shi ya yi tafiya sau da yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span>]
Ya kuma zauna a cikin tsohuwar Gidan Abbots na St. Albans a Buckinghamshire . A cikin lambunan Abbey akwai tafkin da ke da tsibirai biyu, mai suna bayan jiragen Terror da Erebus . [10]
Ross ya kasance jami'in Royal Navy har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka inganta shi sau da yawa, matsayinsa na karshe shine Rear-Admiral of the Red wanda aka ba shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1861. [11]
Ross ya mutu a Aston Abbotts a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1862, shekaru biyar bayan matarsa.[12] An binne su tare a cikin cocin Ikklisiya na St. James the Great . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)">citation needed</span>]
A cikin almara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ross, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Birtaniya Richard Sutton ya taka rawa, wani hali ne na biyu a cikin shirin talabijin na AMC na 2018 mai <i id="mwAWU">suna The Terror</i>, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani sabon salo na bincikensa na 1848 don gano ɓataccen balaguron Franklin, da kuma a cikin littafin Dan Simmons na 2007 wanda aka gina jerin. Jules Verne kuma ya ci gaba da ambaton Ross a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (misali, babi na XXV mai suna 'Ɗaya daga cikin Jaruman James Ross'). [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
Kyauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, da Rossøya a cikin Arctic duk suna da sunansa
- RRS James Clark Ross, tsohon sunan Noosfera, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Antarctic ta Ukraine.[13]
- Crater Ross a kan Wata an sanya masa suna [14]
- Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf [15] da Ross Sea a cikin Antarctic duk suna da suna bayan shi [1]
- Mont Ross, dutse mafi girma, a tsawo na 6,070 feet (1,850 m) , a cikin Tsibirin Kerguelen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ross.
Taxon mai suna don girmama shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ross's gull, karamin gull, jinsin kawai a cikin jinsinsa, wanda ke haifuwa a cikin babban arctic na arewacin Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Siberia [16]
- Alamar Ross, Ommatophoca rossii, ɗaya daga cikin phocids na Antarctic guda huɗu, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a lokacin balaguron Ross
- Melanocetus rossi wani nau'in baƙar fata ne, wani nau'i ne na kifi. Kifin yana da mesopelagic; misali daya tilo da mutane suka tattara an samo shi a cikin Tekun Ross a zurfin mita 390 (1,280 .[17]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 O'Byrne 1849.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Boneham, M (1860). "Description of 'Ross, James Clark, 1800-1862, Sir James Clark Ross collection, 1812-1860. Scott Polar Research Institute Archives, University of Cambridge. GB 15 SIR JAMES CLARK ROSS' on the Archives Hub website". JISC Archive. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 1 April 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "archive" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Jones, A.G.E. (1950). "The Voyage of H.M.S. Cove, Captain James Clark Ross, 1835–36". Polar Record. 5 (40): 543–556. Bibcode:1950PoRec...5..543J. doi:10.1017/S0032247400045150. S2CID 128912203. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ↑ Goodman, Matthew (20 September 2016). "Proving instruments credible in the early nineteenth century: The British Magnetic Survey and site-specific experimentation". Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 70 (3): 251–268. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2016.0023. PMC 4978730. PMID 31390418.
- ↑ "New Scientist". 7 October 1982: 53. ISSN 0262-4079. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ You must specify Samfuri:And list when using {{London Gazette}}.
- ↑ "Franklin expedition: DNA test identifies member of 1845 Arctic voyage". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ↑ "Anne Ross". Derbyshire Record Office. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ↑ "Sir James Clark Ross 1800–1862 polar explorer lived here". Open Plaques. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "History: Sir James Clark Ross". Aston Abbotts. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "No. 7144". The Edinburgh Gazette. 13 August 1861. p. 1044.
- ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ↑ "RRS James Clark Ross". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "North Magnetic Pole Discovered 1 June 1831". History Channel. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "MJR". - ↑ Rushton, Annabel (9 February 2014). "Who's this Ross character then?". RSPB. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
Bibiyar Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- O'Byrne, William R. (1849). A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty's Navy, from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to that of Lieutenant, Inclusive (in Turanci). J. Murray.
- Coleman, E. C. (2006). The Royal Navy in Polar exploration: from Frobisher to Ross. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 9780752436609.
- Ross, J.; Ross, J. C. (1835a). Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage. 1. London: A. W. Webster. OCLC 1049894753.
- Ross, J.; Ross, J. C. (1835b). Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage. 2. London: A. W. Webster. OCLC 579644792.
- Ross, J. C. (1847a). A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions. 1. London: John Murray. OCLC 62006339.
- Ross, J. C. (1847b). A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions. 2. London: John Murray. OCLC 81909940.
- Wilson, J. G.; et al., eds. (1900). . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 5. New York: D. Appleton & Co. p. 330.