Polder
Polder bụ ala dị ala e nwetara site n’ịkpọrọ mmiri pụọ n’ógbè ahụ, ma jiri ihe mgbochi a na-akpọ dikes chebe ya. Ụdị polder atọ bụ:
- Ala e nwetara site na mmiri, dị ka ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ala oké osimiri.
- Ala dị larịị nke mmiri ozuzo kewara site n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ osimiri site na dike.
- Marshes kewara na mmiri Ọzara ya gburugburu site na dike ma mesịa wepụ mmiri; a makwaara ndị a dị ka koog, karịsịa na Germany.
Ala polder na-ada nwayọọ nwayọọ ka oge na-aga. Polder niile ga-emesị dị n’okpuru ọkwa mmiri gbara ha gburugburu, ma n’oge ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ mgbe niile. Mmiri na-abanye n’ime polder dị ala site n’ime ala n’ihi nrụgide mmiri dị n’okpuru ala, nakwa site na mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri si n’osimiri na ọwa mmiri. Nke a na-emekarị ka mmiri dị n’ime polder karị akarị, ya mere a na-agbapụta ya ma ọ bụ wepụ ya site n’ọnụ ụzọ mmiri mgbe ọkwa mmiri dị n’èzí dara. A ghaghị ịkpachara anya ka mmiri dị n’ime ala ghara ịda nke ukwuu. Ala polder e ji peat mee (ala mmiri ochie) na-adaba nwayọọ nwayọọ n’ihi na peat na-ere ure mgbe ikuku oxygen rutere ya.
Polder nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri n'oge niile, a ghaghịkwa ịkpachara anya iji chebe dicks ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ rụọ dikes, ihe ọ bụla nwekwara ihe ize ndụ nke ya: ájá nwere ike ịda n'ihi mmiri; peat kpọrọ nkụ dị arọ karịa mmiri ma nwee ike ghara ijide mmiri n'oge ọkọchị. Ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-egwu ọwa n'ime ihe mgbochi ahụ, na-enye ohere ka mmiri banye n'ime ụlọ ahụ; a maara muskrat maka ọrụ a ma na-achụ nta na mba ụfọdụ na Europe n'ihi ya. A na-ahụkarị polders, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị naanị ya, na delta nke osimiri, fenlands ochie, na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
A na-ejikwa idei mmiri nke polders mee ihe dị ka usoro agha n'oge gara aga. Otu ihe atụ bụ idei mmiri nke polders n'akụkụ Osimiri Yser n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ.
Netherlands nwere nnukwu mpaghara nke polders: ihe ruru 20% nke ala ahụ ejirila n'oge ụfọdụ n'oge gara aga weghachite ya n'oké osimiri. IJsselmeer bụ ọrụ polder a ma ama na Netherlands. Mba ndị ọzọ nwere polders bụ Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada na China.
Etymology
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Okwu Dutch polder sitere na Middle Dutch polre, nke sitere na Old Dutch polra. N’ikpeazụ, ọ sitere na mgbọrọgwụ okwu pol-, nke pụtara ala dị elu karịa mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, tinyere mgbakwunye -er na ụda -d e tinyere n’etiti mkpụrụokwu. A nabatala okwu ahụ n’asụsụ iri atọ na isii.
Netherlands
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A na-ejikọkarị Netherlands na polders, n’ihi na ndị Dutch ghọrọ ndị a ma ama n’ịzụlite usoro e si akpọrọ mmiri pụọ n’ala mmiri ma mee ka ala ahụ bụrụ nke a pụrụ iji rụọ ọrụ ugbo na mmepe ndị ọzọ. A na-egosipụtakarị nke a site n’okwu a ma ama: “Chineke kere ụwa, ma ndị Dutch kere Netherlands.”
Ndị Dutch nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iweghachite ala mmiri na fenland, nke mere ka e nwee ihe dị ka polders 3,000 n’ofe mba ahụ.[1] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1961, e weghachitela ihe dị ka square kilomita 18,000 (sq mi 6,800) nke ala site n’oké osimiri, nke hà ka ihe dị ka ọkara ala Netherlands.[2] Ihe dị ka ọkara ala polder niile dị n’ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Europe dị na Netherlands. E wuru ụfọdụ n’ime polders mbụ na Europe n’oge ọchịchị ndị Rom. E wuru polders mbụ na Netherlands n’oge narị afọ nke iri na otu. Polder kacha ochie ka dị ugbu a bụ Achtermeer, nke e wuru n’afọ 1533.
Ihe atụ nke polders
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Bangladesh
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bangladesh nwere polder 139, nke 49 n'ime ha chere ihu n'oké osimiri, ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị na-ekesa mmiri n'osimiri delta nke Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna. E wuru ndị a n'afọ ndị 1960 iji chebe ụsọ mmiri ahụ pụọ na idei mmiri nakwa iji belata nnu.[3] Ha na-ebelata idei mmiri na-adịte aka na mmiri na-esote oké ifufe. A na-ejikwa ala ndị a eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo.[4]
Brazil
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ obodo dị na mpaghara Ndagwurugwu Paraíba (na steeti São Paulo) nwere polder n'ala a na-azọrọ site na ala mmiri gbara osimiri Paraíba do Sul gburugburu.
Belgium
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- De Moeren, nso Veurne na West Flanders
- Polder n'akụkụ osimiri Yser n'etiti Nieuwpoort na Diksmuid
- Polder nke Muisbroek na Ettenhoven, na Ekeren na Hoevenen
- Polder nke Stabroek, na Stabrook
- Kabeljauwpolder, na Zandvliet
- Scheldepolders n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Scheldt
- Uitkerkse polder, nso Blankenberge na West Flanders
- Prosperpolder, nso Doel, Antwerp na Kieldrecht.
China
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Obodo Kunshan nwere ihe karịrị 100 polder.[5]
Germany
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Na Germany, a na-akpọ ala e weghachiri site na diking koog. Usoro German Deichgraf yiri nke Dutch.
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- Achtermeer, polder kachasị ochie, site na 1533
- Alblasserwaard, nke nwere ihe igwe ihe nke Kinderdijk, Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa
- Alkmaar
- Andijk
- Anna Paulownapolder
- Beemster, ebe ihe nketa uwa
- Bijlmermeer
- Flevopolder, agwaetiti aka kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, akụkụ ikpeazụ e wepụrụ mmiri na 1968
- 's-Gravesloot
- Haarlemmermeer, nke nwere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Schiphol
- Krimpenerwaard
- Lauwersmeer
- Mastenbroek, otu n'ime polders kachasị ochie, gbawara n'ihe dị ka 1363-1364.[6][7]
- Noordoostpolder
- Prins Alexanderpolder
- Purmer
- Schermer
- Watergraafsmeer
- Wieringermeer
- Wieringerwaard
- Wijdewormer
- Zuidplaspolder, tinyere Lammefjord na Denmark ebe kachasị ala na European Union.
- ↑ Kijk naar de geschiedenis. Rijkswaterstaat.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Ley, Willy (October 1961). "The Home-Made Land". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 92–106.
- ↑ "Bangladesh polders under threat", Irin News
- ↑ "Bangladeshi project to enhance polders amidst climate woes" Archived 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Unearth News
- ↑ CRCWSC Trade Mission to Kunshan (2016-12-01). Archived from the original on 2017-04-09.
- ↑ De Mastenbroekerpolder.
- ↑ Polder Mastenbroek.