Ikinyarwanda
.jpg) Ahavugwa indimi z'itsinda rya Rwanda-Rundi | |
| Ivugwa mu | Rwanda, RDC, Ubugande, Tanzaniya |
|---|---|
| Abakivuga | Hafi miliyoni 14,8[1] |
| Umuryango | Indimi za Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi |
| Imyandikire | Inyuguti z'Ikilatini |
| Ururimi rwemewe | Rwanda |
| Urwego rurureberera | Inteko y'ururimi n'umuco |
| ISO 639-1 | rw |
| ISO 639-2 / 639-3 | kin |
| Guthrie | D61 (JD61) |
Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwo mu muryango w'indimi za Bantu. Ni ururimi gakondo kandi rw'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Kivugwa n'Abanyarwanda hafi ya bose. Kivugwa kandi mu bihugu bihana imbibi n'u Rwanda: mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Ubugande no mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya.
Ikinyarwanda gisa cyane n'Ikirundi cyo mu Uburundi n'Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya. Abavuga izo ndimi barumvikana. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora no gusobanura umuco ukomoka mu Rwanda.
Ahavugwa Ikinyarwanda
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ikinyarwanda kivugwa n'abaturage hafi ya bose b'u Rwanda. Imvugo z'uturere zitandukanaho gato, cyane cyane mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw'igihugu[2]. Ikinyarwanda kivugwa kandi muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo no muri Ubugande. Muri Ubugande, imvugo yacyo yitwa Urufumbira cyangwa Ikinyakore[1].
Imvugo z'Ikinyarwanda zirimo Igikiga, Ikinyabwisha, Ikinyamulenge, Ikirera n'Urufumbira[1].
Amateka
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Abapadiri b'abamisiyoneri bari batuye i Kabgayi. Ni yo mpamvu batangiye kwandika Ikinyarwanda bahereye ku Ikinyanduga. Ariko Ikinyanduga si cyo Kinyarwanda cyonyine.
Igitabo cy'ibishushanyo Matabaro cyanditswe mu Kinyarwanda. Cyasohotse mu Rwanda kuva mu 1954 kugeza mu myaka ya 1970. Kiri mu bitabo by'ibishushanyo bya mbere byo muri Afurika[3].
Itegeko n° 01/2010 ryo ku wa 29 Mutarama 2010 ryashyizeho Inteko Nyarwanda y'Ururimi n'Umuco (RALC). Iyo nteko ishinzwe guteza imbere no kubungabunga Ikinyarwanda[4]. Mu 2014, Minisitiri wa Siporo n'Umuco yashyizeho amabwiriza mashya y'imyandikire y'Ikinyarwanda[5]. Ayo mabwiriza ntiyakiriwe neza na bose[6].
Ururimi rwemewe
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 4 Kamena 2003 (ingingo ya 5) rivuga ko ururimi rw'igihugu ari Ikinyarwanda. Indimi zemewe mu butegetsi ni Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa n'Icyongereza[7]. Itegeko Nshinga ryavuguruwe mu 2015 ryagumishijeho Ikinyarwanda nk'ururimi rw'igihugu[8]. Mu 2017, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje itegeko rigira Igiswahili ururimi rwa kane rwemewe[9].
Buri mwaka ku wa 21 Gashyantare, u Rwanda rwizihiza Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w'Ururimi Kavukire hamwe n'isi yose[10].
Akamaro k'Ikinyarwanda
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ikinyarwanda ni rwo rurimi Abanyarwanda bakoresha mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Barukoresha mu kuganira, mu kungurana ibitekerezo no mu kugaragaza imbamutima. Kwigisha Ikinyarwanda bifasha umwana kumenya umurage w'abakurambere be. Bimufasha kandi kumenya umuco n'imyumvire y'Abanyarwanda.
Inyuguti n'imyandikire
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ikinyarwanda cyandikishwa inyuguti z'Ikilatini. Gikoresha inyuguti 24. Zigabanyijemo ibice bibiri:
- inyajwi 5: a, e, i, o, u;
- ingombajwi (indagi) 19: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y, z.
Ingombajwi zishobora guhurira hamwe zikabyara ibihekane. Igihekane kigizwe n'ingombajwi ebyiri, eshatu cyangwa enye. Buri gihe gikurikirwa n'inyajwi. Ingero:
- nd + inyajwi: nda, nde, ndi, ndo, ndu (urugero: indege);
- ndw + inyajwi: ndwa, ndwe, ndwi, ndwo, ndwu (urugero: indwara);
- nshy + inyajwi: nshya, nshye, nshyi, nshyo, nshyu (urugero: inshyushyu).
Amabwiriza agenga imyandikire y'Ikinyarwanda yasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta n° 41 bis yo ku wa 13 Ukwakira 2014[5].
Imivugire
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ingombajwi
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]| inyaminwa | inyamwinyo | inyesongashinya | inyuma y'ishinya | inyarusenge | incarusenga | inyamuhogo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| inturike | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | |||
| inkubyi | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç | h | ||
| inturike nkubyi | ts | tʃ | |||||
| inyamazuru | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
Inyuguti y na w zivugwa nka [j] na [w]. Inyuguti r ivugwa nka [ɾ].
Inyajwi
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ikinyarwanda gifite inyajwi eshanu: i, e, a, o, u. Inyajwi i na e ni inyajwi z'imbere. Inyajwi u na o ni inyajwi z'inyuma. Inyajwi a ni inyatu. Buri nyajwi ishobora kuba ngufi cyangwa ndende. Ikinyarwanda kandi ni ururimi rugira amasaku[5].
Ikibonezamvugo
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Nk'izindi ndimi za Bantu, amazina y'Ikinyarwanda ntashyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe igitsina. Ashyirwa mu nteko hakurikijwe indomo ibanziriza igicumbi cy'izina. Buri nteko igira indomo y'ubumwe n'iy'ubwinshi[2].
| Inteko | Ubumwe | Ubwinshi | Urugero | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indomo | Ikinyazina ngenera | Indomo | Ikinyazina ngenera | ||
| 1 | umu- | wa | aba- | ba | umuntu, abantu |
| 2 | umu- | wa | imi- | ya | umurima, imirima |
| 3 | in- | ya | in- | za | indimu, indimu |
| 4 | iki- | cya | ibi- | bya | ikiganza, ibiganza |
| 5 | i(ri)- | rya | ama- | ya | iriba, amariba |
| 6 | uru- | rwa | in- | za | urugero, ingero |
| 7 | aka- | ka | utu- | twa | akarabo, uturabo |
| 8 | ubu- | bwa | ama- | ya | ubwato, amato |
| 9 | uku- | kwa | ama- | ya | ukuguru, amaguru |
| 10 | aha- | ha | — | — | ahantu |
Isano n'izindi ndimi
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ikinyarwanda gisa cyane n'Ikirundi n'Igiha. Gifite kandi amagambo menshi asa n'ayo mu zindi ndimi za Bantu, nk'Ikizulu cyo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ingero: umuntu, abantu, ingwe, amazi, inyama, inyoni.
Ikinyarwanda n'umuco
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Mbere y'umwaduko w'abazungu, Abanyarwanda bizeraga Imana nk'umuremyi wa byose. Bizeraga kandi Ryangombe n'imandwa (reba Kubandwa mu Rwanda). Bemeraga ko hari ubundi buzima nyuma y'ubu. Bemeraga kandi ko abakurambere bashobora kubafasha iyo babatabaje.
Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, gusaba umugeni byakorwaga n'ababyeyi b'impande zombi. Byabanzirizwaga no gufata irembo. Ababyeyi b'umuhungu bajyaga gufata irembo kugira ngo undi muryango utaza gusaba uwo mukobwa.
Amafoto
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Inkoranyamagambo y'Ikinyarwanda n'Igifaransa
Igitabo cy'Ikinyarwanda kigezweho
Inyandiko
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]- 1 2 3 "Kinyarwanda". Ethnologue (in Icyongereza) (27 ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on 2025-09-15.
- 1 2 Shimamungu, Eugène (2018). Nyamunini, dictionnaire bilingue et encyclopédique kinyarwanda-français (in Igifaransa). Lille: Éditions Sources du Nil. ISBN 978-2-919201-39-6.
- ↑ Cassiau-Haurie, Christophe (2013). "Matabaro (les aventures de)". Dictionnaire de la bande dessinée d'Afrique francophone (in Igifaransa). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 221.
- ↑ "Official Gazette n° Special of 27/07/2012". p. 37.
- 1 2 3 "Imyandikire y'ikinyarwanda (Official Gazette n° 41 bis of 13/10/2014)" (PDF). Éditions Sources du Nil. 2014-10-13.
- ↑ Niyomugabo, Cyprien; Uwizeyimana, Valentin (2017-03-20). "A top–down orthography change and language attitudes in the context of a language-loyal country". Language Policy (in Icyongereza). 17 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1007/s10993-016-9427-x.
- ↑ "Constitution de la République du Rwanda du 4 juin 2003". WIPO Lex (in Igifaransa). Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ↑ "Official Gazette n° Special of 24/12/2015" (PDF) (in Icyongereza). p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-23.
- ↑ Bishumba, Nasra (2017-02-08). "MPs approve law making Swahili official language". The New Times (in Icyongereza).
- ↑ "International Mother Language Day". UNESCO (in Icyongereza).
Reba kandi
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ingingo zijyanye
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ihuza ryo hanze
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]- "Kinyarwanda–English Dictionary" (PDF). Mars Hill (in Icyongereza). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-02-26.
Ibitabo
[Hindura | hindura inkomoko]- Coupez, André; et al. (2006). Inkoranya y íkinyarwaanda mu kinyarwaanda nó mu gifaraansá – Dictionnaire rwanda-rwanda et rwanda-français (in Igifaransa). Butare ; Tervuren: Institut de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique ; Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale.
- Shimamungu, Eugène (1998). Le kinyarwanda, initiation à une langue bantu (in Igifaransa). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-6211-1.
- Shimamungu, Eugène (2018). Nyamunini, dictionnaire bilingue et encyclopédique kinyarwanda-français (in Igifaransa). Lille: Éditions Sources du Nil. ISBN 978-2-919201-39-6.