Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
(1918–1929)
*Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca*
Краљевина Срба, Хрвата и Словенаца
(Serbo-Croatian)
*Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev*
(Slovene)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
(1929–1941)
*Kraljevina Jugoslavija*
(Serbo-Croatian and Slovene)
Краљевина Југославија
(Serbo-Croatian)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; (1918–1929); Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca; Краљевина Срба, Хрвата и Словенаца; (Serbo-Croatian); Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev; (Slovene) Kingdom of Yugoslavia; (1929–1941); Kraljevina Jugoslavija; (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene); Краљевина Југославија; (Serbo-Croatian)
1918–1941
	Top:; State flag; Bottom:; Civil flag Greater coat of arms
	Motto: Jedan narod, jedan kralj, jedna država ; Један народ, један краљ, једна држава ; "One People, One King, One State"
	Anthem: Himna Kraljevine Jugoslavije; Химна Краљевине Југославије; "Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia";
	Location of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1930 (green) in Europe (dark grey)
Capital and largest city	Belgrade; 44°48′35″N 20°27′47″E / 44.80972°N 20.46306°E
Official languages	Serbo-Croato-Slovene
Common languages	German, Hungarian, Albanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian dialects, Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Romani, Ladino, Italian
Demonym(s)	Yugoslav
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy; (1918–1929, 1931–1939) under a one-party royal dictatorship; (1929–1931); under federalism (1939–1941);
King
• 1918–1921	Peter I
• 1921–1934	Alexander I
• 1934–1941	Peter II
Prince Regent
• 1918–1921	Prince Alexander
• 1934–1941	Prince Paul
Prime Minister
• 1918–1919 (first)	Stojan Protić
• 1941 (last)	Dušan Simović
Legislature	Provisional Representation; (1919–1920); National Assembly; (1920–1941)
• Upper house	Senate; (since 1931)
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies; (since 1931)
Historical era	Interwar period • World War II
• Established	1 December 1918
• Vidovdan Constitution	28 June 1921
• 6 Jan. Dictatorship	6 January 1929
• Octroic Constitution	3 September 1931
• King assassinated	9 October 1934
• Sporazum in Croatia	25 August 1939
• Joined the Axis	25 March 1941
• Coup d'état	27 March 1941
• Axis invasion	6 April 1941
• Government-in-exile	April 1941
• Provisional Government	7 March 1945
• Monarchy abolished	29 November 1945
Area
1941	247,542 km2 (95,577 sq mi)
Population
• 1918	12,017,323
• 1931	13,934,000
• 1941	15,839,364
Currency	Yugoslav krone; (1918–1920); Yugoslav dinar; (1920–1941);
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Kingdom of Serbia
	State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
	Kingdom of Hungary (Vojvodina)
	Tsardom of Bulgaria (Western Outlands)
German-occupied Serbia
Italian governorate of Montenegro
Independent State of Croatia
Kingdom of Italy
Tsardom of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Hungary
Italian protectorate of Albania
Nazi Germany
Yugoslav; govt.-in-exile
Today part of	Serbia; Croatia; Slovenia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; Kosovo; North Macedonia;
	^ Serbian and Croatian, highly mutually intelligible standard languages, were officially considered eastern and western varieties of a common language, contemporarily known as Serbo-Croatian. Slovene was considered a dialect of the common language despite low mutual intelligibility with Serbo-Croatian. 'Serbo-Croato-Slovene' was declared the single official language (srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenački or srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenski; also translated "Serbocroatoslovenian"). In practice it functioned as Serbo-Croatian.; ^ Peter II, still underage, was declared an adult by a military coup. Shortly after his assumption of royal authority, Yugoslavia was occupied by the Axis and the young King went into exile. In 1944, he accepted the formation of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. He was deposed by the Yugoslav parliament in 1945.; ^ Unicameral until 1931.;

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in Southeast and Central Europe which existed from 1918 until 1941.

History

Background

In 1903, King Alexander I of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I of Serbia. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.^[10]

Creation

Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912–13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.^[11] It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.^[12]

References

↑ Busch, Birgitta; Kelly-Holmes, Helen (2004). Language, Discourse and Borders in the Yugoslav Successor States. Multilingual Matters. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-8535-9732-9. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. the official language of the Kingdom was 'Serbo-Croato-Slovenian'
↑ Mesić, Milan (2004). Perspectives of Multiculturalism: Western and Transitional Countries. Zagreb: FF Press. p. 322. a triple-named language, called officially Serbo-Croato-Slovene
↑ "THE VOJVODINIAN MOVEMENT BETWEEN A UNIFIED POLITICAL PLATFORM AND PARTY INTERESTS". The Vojvodinian Movement arose as an expression of dissatisfaction with the economic and political standing of Vojvodina within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia following the assassination of King Aleksandar Karađorđević, contemporaneous with the gradual formation of a multi-party Parliamentary system.
↑ Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
↑ Banac 1992, p. 58.
↑ Myers, Paul F.; Campbell, Arthur A. (1954). The Population of Yugoslavia. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-5986-7845-4. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
↑ Израчунат број становника Југославије за 1941. и 1945 (PDF) (in Serbian). Државни статистички уред. 1945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
↑ Alexander, Ronelle (2013). "Language and Identity: The Fate of Serbo-Croatian". In Daskalov, Rumen; Marinov, Tchavdar (eds.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 371. ISBN 978-9-0042-5076-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. Now, however, the official language of the new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, bore the unwieldy name Serbo-Croato-Slovene (srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenački or srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenski).
↑ Wojciechowski, Sebastian; Burszta, Wojciech J.; Kamusella, Tomasz (2006). Nationalisms across the globe: an overview of nationalisms in state-endowed and stateless nations. Vol. 2. School of Humanities and Journalism. p. 79. ISBN 978-8-3876-5346-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. Similarly, the 1921 Constitution declared Serbocroatoslovenian as the official and national language of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians.
↑ Rujević, Nemanja (28 July 2014). "Serbia, WWI, and the question of guilt". Deustche Welle. on the Web. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
↑ "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes - Historical kingdom, Balkans [1918-1929]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 January 2011.
↑ "Yugoslavia - former federated nation (1929-2003)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 February 2019.

[Busch2004-1] Busch, Birgitta; Kelly-Holmes, Helen (2004). Language, Discourse and Borders in the Yugoslav Successor States. Multilingual Matters. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-8535-9732-9. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. the official language of the Kingdom was 'Serbo-Croato-Slovenian'

[2] Mesić, Milan (2004). Perspectives of Multiculturalism: Western and Transitional Countries. Zagreb: FF Press. p. 322. a triple-named language, called officially Serbo-Croato-Slovene

[Parliamentary-3] "THE VOJVODINIAN MOVEMENT BETWEEN A UNIFIED POLITICAL PLATFORM AND PARTY INTERESTS". The Vojvodinian Movement arose as an expression of dissatisfaction with the economic and political standing of Vojvodina within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia following the assassination of King Aleksandar Karađorđević, contemporaneous with the gradual formation of a multi-party Parliamentary system.

[4] Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.

[FOOTNOTEBanac1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKfqbujXqQBkCpgPA58_58]-5] Banac 1992, p. 58.

[6] Myers, Paul F.; Campbell, Arthur A. (1954). The Population of Yugoslavia. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-5986-7845-4. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

[7] Израчунат број становника Југославије за 1941. и 1945 (PDF) (in Serbian). Државни статистички уред. 1945. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.

[8] Alexander, Ronelle (2013). "Language and Identity: The Fate of Serbo-Croatian". In Daskalov, Rumen; Marinov, Tchavdar (eds.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 371. ISBN 978-9-0042-5076-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. Now, however, the official language of the new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, bore the unwieldy name Serbo-Croato-Slovene (srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenački or srbsko-hrvatsko-slovenski).

[9] Wojciechowski, Sebastian; Burszta, Wojciech J.; Kamusella, Tomasz (2006). Nationalisms across the globe: an overview of nationalisms in state-endowed and stateless nations. Vol. 2. School of Humanities and Journalism. p. 79. ISBN 978-8-3876-5346-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. Similarly, the 1921 Constitution declared Serbocroatoslovenian as the official and national language of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians.

[10] Rujević, Nemanja (28 July 2014). "Serbia, WWI, and the question of guilt". Deustche Welle. on the Web. Retrieved 23 December 2019.

[11] "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes - Historical kingdom, Balkans [1918-1929]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 January 2011.

[12] "Yugoslavia - former federated nation (1929-2003)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 February 2019.

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