U bood nuxurka

Maali

Bedel linkiga
Ka Wikipedia
(Waxaa laga soo toosiyay Mali)
Jamhuuriyadda Mali
(luqadaha rasmiga ah)
Af Bambara ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ[1]
Mali ka Fasojamana
Fula 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭
Republik bu Maali
Hassaniyya جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي
Jumhūriyet Māli
Koyraboro Senni Songhai Mali Laamaa
Soninke Mali Jamaane
Tamasheq ⵜⴰ隔ⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
Tagduda n Mali
Calanka Mali
Calanka
Astaanta ee Mali
Astaanta
Hal-ku-dheg: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (Faransiis)
"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"  (Af-Bambaara)
"Hal shacab, hal hadaf, hal rumayn"
Heesta qaranka: "Le Mali" (Faransiis)
CaasimaddaBamako
12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000
Luuqadaha rasmiga ah13 luqadood oo qaran[2][3]
  • Bambara
  • Bobo
  • Carabiga Xasanaaniya
  • Bozo
  • Dogon, Toro So
  • Fula
  • Kassonke
  • Maninke
  • Minyanka
  • Senufo, Senara
  • Songhay, Koyraboro Senni
  • Soninke
  • Tamasheq
Luqadaha lagaga hadlo
  • Bambara[lower-alpha 1]
  • Fula
  • Carabi
  • Soninke
  • Songhay
  • Mandinka
  • Minyanka
  • Tamasheq
  • Senufo
  • Bobo
  • Bozo
  • Kassonke
  • Samogo
  • Dafing
  • Dogon
Luqadda shaqada
  • Faransiis (de facto)[5]
Qaybaha qowmiyadaha
(Tiriya weynta 2022)[6]
  • 35.9% Bambara
  • 12.8% Fula
  • 9.4% Senufo
  • 8.4% Malinke
  • 8.2% Soninke
  • 6.1% Dogon
  • 4.8% Songhai
  • 3.9% Tuareg
  • 2.2% Bobo / Bwa
  • 10.5% Kuwa kale
Diinta
(Tiriya weynta 2022)[6]
  • 96.4% Islaam
  • 2.3% Masiixiyad
  • 0.7% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika
  • 0.5% Diin la'aan
  • 0.1% Diimaha kale
 DadkaReer Mali
DawladdaJamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada koox milatari ah[7]
• Madaxweyne
Assimi Goïta
• Ra'iisul Wasaare
Abdoulaye Maïga (ku-meel-gaar)
Sharci-dejintaGolaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka
Aasaaskii
• Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan
24 November 1958
• Ku biiristii Senegal si loo abuuro Federaalka Mali
4 April 1959
• Madaxbannaanidii ay ka qaadatay Faransiiska
20 June 1960
• Kala diristii Federaalka Mali
20 August 1960
• Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda Mali
22 September 1960
Bedka
• Wadarta
1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)[8] (23aad)
• Biyo (%)
1.6
Dadka
• Qiyaastii 2025
Neutral increase 25,200,000[9] (61aad)
• Tiro-koobkii 2022
22,395,489[6]
• Cufnaanta
18/km2 (46.6/sq mi) (215aad)
Wax soo saar (PPP)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Increase $72.74 bilyan[10] (115aad)
• Qofkiiba
Increase $2,930[10] (173ad)
Wax soo saar (magac ahaan)Qiyaastii 2025 
• Wadarta
Increase $23.21 bilyan[10] (121aad)
• Qofkiiba
Increase $936 [10] (175ad)
Qaybsiga (2021)35.7[11]
sinnaan la'aan dhexdhexaad ah
Kobaca (2023)0.419[12]
hooseeya (188aad)
LacagtaFrankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika (XOF)
SaacaddaUTC±00:00 (Wakhtiga Greenwich)
Koodhka wicitaanka+223
Koodhka ISO 3166ML
Furaha Internetka.ml

Mali,[lower-alpha 2] si rasmi ahna loo yidhaahdo Jamhuuriyadda Mali,[lower-alpha 3] waa dal aan bad lahayn oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Waa dalka siddeedaad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo dalka 23aad ee ugu weyn adduunka, isagoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaadhaysa 1,240,192 kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran.[8]

Dalku wuxuu waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Aljeeriya, bariga Nayjer, waqooyi-galbeed Mauritaniya, koonfurta Burkina Faso iyo Xeebta Fool-maroodiga (Ivory Coast), galbeedkana Guinea iyo Senegal. Dadka ku nool Mali waa qiyaastii 25.20 milyan,[9] iyadoo 47.19% ka mid ah la qiyaasay inay ka yar yihiin da'da 15 sanno marka la gaadhay 2024.[13] Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bamako. Luqadda Faransiiska waxay ahayd luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mali ilaa 2022, markaasoo lagu beddelay 13 luqadood oo Afrikaan ah, iyadoo luqadda Bambara ay tahay luqadda koowaad ee inta badan dadka dalkaas deggan.[4]

Xuduudaha waqooyi ee Mali waxay aad ugu qoto dheer yihiin dhexda Saxaraha Weyn. Qaybta koonfureed ee dalka, oo ay ku nool yihiin inta badan dadka deegaanka, waxay ku taal fidsanaanta savanna-da Suudaan, waxaana dhex mara webiyada Niger iyo Senegal. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu ku dhowyahay beeraha iyo macdanta, iyadoo khayraadkeeda dabiiciga ah ee ugu caansan uu ka mid yahay dahabka, oo ka dhigan 80% waxyaabaha ay dibadda u dhoofiso, iyo suufka. Mali waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolka ah uguna hooseeya horumarka adduunka.[14][15]

Mali waxay qayb ka ahayd saddex boqortooyo oo isku xigay oo xoog weyn iyo hanti lahaa kuwaas oo xukumayay ganacsiga ka gudba Saxaraha: Boqortooyadii Ghana (oo dalka Ghana loogu magac daray), Boqortooyadii Mali (oo dalka Mali loogu magac daray), iyo Boqortooyadii Songhai. Markii ay ugu sarreysay sannadkii 1300, Boqortooyadii Mali waxay ahayd dalka ugu hantida badnaa Afrika[16] iyadoo boqorkeedii qarnigii 14aad Mansa Musa la rumeysan yahay inuu ahaa mid ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ugu hodansan taariikhda adduunka.[17][18][19] Marka laga soo tago inay ahayd xarun ganacsi iyo mid macdan qodis, Mali-dii waqtiyadii dhexe waxay ahayd xarun Islaamka, dhaqanka iyo aqoonta, iyadoo Timbuktu ay noqotay meel caan ku ah waxbarashada iyadoo lahayd jaamacaddeeda, oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu faca weyn adduunka isla markaana weli shaqaysa. Boqortooyadii sii fidsaysay ee Songhai ayaa la wareegtay boqortooyadii 1468, waxaana ku xigay ciidankii Saadiyiinta oo ka adkaaday Songhai 1591.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, intii lagu jiray Loolankii Afrika, Faransiisku wuxuu la wareegay maamulka Mali, wuxuuna ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah Suudaantii Faransiiska; iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan, federaal kooban oo ay la gashay Senegal ayaa la aasaasay, kaas oo xorriyadda qaatay 1660. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Senegal, Jamhuuriyadda Mali ayaa la aasaasay. Ka dib muddo dheer oo uu jiray xukun hal xisbi ah, afgambi dhacay 1991 wuxuu horseeday constitution cusub iyo in Mali laga dhigo dal dimuqraadi ah oo nidaamka xisbiyada badan leh. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay ilaa 2012, Mali waxay la kulantay koritaan dhaqaale iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah oo kordhay, inkastoo tani ay bilaabay inay dib u dhacdo ka dib 2002.[20] Tan iyo madaxbannaanidii, waxaa jiray afar kacdoon oo ay ku lug lahaayeen dadka Tuareg-ka, kuwaas oo dhacay 1962 ilaa 1964, 1990 ilaa 1995, 2007 ilaa 2009, iyo tan iyo 2012.[21]

Bishii Janaayo 2012, iskahorimaad hubeysan ayaa ka qarxay waqooyiga Mali, kaas oo jabhadaha Tuareg-ka ay kula wareegeen dhul ku yaal waqooyiga, bishii Abriilna waxay ku dhawaaqeen goosashada dawlad cusub oo la yidhaahdo Azawad.[22] Iskahorimaadka waxaa sii murgiyay afgambi milatari bishii Maarso 2012[23] iyo dagaalo dambe oo dhexmaray Tuareg iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradka ah. Si looga jawaabo dhulalka la qabsaday, milatariga Faransiisku wuxuu bilaabay Hawlgalkii Serval bishii Janaayo 2013.[24] Bil ka dib, ciidamada Mali iyo kuwa Faransiiska waxay qayb ahaan dib u qabsadeen waqooyiga, inkastoo iskahorimaadku uu sii socday.[25]

Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne sannadkii 2013, laakiin eedaymo ku saabsan khiyaano intii lagu jiray doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2020 waxay keentay dibad-baxyo ballaaran. Keïta waxaa xukunka looga tuuray afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Assimi Goïta, iasgoo isku dhisay inuu yahay taliyaha milatariga ee Mali ka dib afgambi kale oo dhacay 2021.[25] Sannadkii 2025, dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda waa la kala diray waxaana Goïta la siiyay muddo madaxtooyo oo shan sanno ah, oo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo doorasho la'aan.[26] Isbahaysiga JNIM ee xiriirka la leh Al-Qaacida ayaa cunaqabatayn shidaal ku soo rogay magaalooyinka waaweyn, taas oo keentay carqalad dhaqaale,[27] sannadkii 2026-na waxay weerar wadajir ah la qaadeen gooni-goosadka Tuareg-ka.[28]

Asalka magaca

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]

Magaca Mali waxaa laga qaatay magaca Boqortooyadii Mali. Waxaa loola jeedaa "meesha uu boqorku ku nool yahay"[29] wuxuuna xambaarsan yahay macnaha xoogga.[30]

Socdaalihii reer Maghreb ee qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad Ibn Battuta wuxuu sheegay in caasimadda boqortooyada loogu yeeri jiray Mali.[31][32] Mid ka mid ah hiddaha dadka Mandinka ayaa sheegaya in boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee halyeeyga ahaa Sundiata Keita uu isku beddelay jeer (hippopotamus) markii uu ku dhintay Webiga Sankarani iyo in ay suurtogal ahayd in deegaanka webigan laga helo tuulooyin loogu yeero "Mali-dii hore". Daraasad lagu sameeyay maahmaahyada reer Mali ayaa lagu ogaaday in Mali-dii hore ay ku taal tuulo la yidhaahdo Malikoma, oo macnaheedu yahay "Mali Cusub", iyo in Mali ay markii hore ahaan kartay magaca magaalo.[33]

Aragti kale ayaa soo jeedinaysa in Mali ay tahay dhawaaqa luqadda Fula ee magaca dadka Mande.[34][35] Waxaa la soo jeediyay in isbeddelka dhawaaqyadu uu keenay isbeddelka, halkaas oo luqadda Fula dhexdeeda qaybta alveolar-ka /nd/ ay u isbeddesho /l/ oo shaqalka ugu dambeeya uu lumiyo dhawaqa sanka isla markaana uu kordho, taas oo keentay in "Manden" uu u isbeddelo /mali/.[33]

Tixraacyo

[wax ka badal | wax ka badal xogta]
  1. ↑ Académie N’Ko Mali. "Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ". Twitter.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  2. ↑ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in Faransiis). 22 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]
  3. ↑ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in Faransiis). 21 August 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]
  4. 1 2 Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "p6".
  5. ↑ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in Faransiis). 22 July 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. [Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.]
  6. 1 2 3 Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) (December 2024). "CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT (RGPH5)" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2026.
  7. ↑ Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). "Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  8. 1 2 "Mali country profile". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  9. 1 2 "Mali Population". United Nations Population Fund. 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mali)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
  11. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2026.
  12. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (in Ingiriisi). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  13. ↑ "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019". Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  14. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "ITA".
  15. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "UNCTAD".
  16. ↑ "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)". National Geographic Society. 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  17. ↑ Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed Archived 5 Jannaayo 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  18. ↑ "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?". BBC News. 10 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  19. ↑ "Who is the richest person of all time?". The Week UK. December 2021. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  20. ↑ Shankar, Priyanka (27 April 2026). "Timeline: How Mali went from democracy beacon to instability". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
  21. ↑ Stephanie, Pezard; Shurkin, Michael (2015). "Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 26 April 2026.
  22. ↑ Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" Archived 28 Luuliyo 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  23. ↑ UN Security Council condemns Mali coup Archived 28 Nofeembar 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  24. ↑ "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes". Le Monde. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  25. 1 2 Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "BTI-2026".
  26. ↑ Ewokor, Chris (4 July 2025). "Assimi Goïta: Mali military leader granted five-year term in power". BBC News (in Ingiriis Biritish). Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  27. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "ISW-100925".
  28. ↑ Cillad tixraac: Calaamadda <ref> waa aan ansax ahayn; wax qoraal ah laguma darin tixraacyada lagu magacaabay "AP-26042026".
  29. ↑ Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). Discovering the Empire of Mali. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 9781477718896. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  30. ↑ Sasnett, Martena Tenney; Sepmeyer, Inez Hopkins (1 January 1967). Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials. University of California Press. pp. 673.
  31. ↑ Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780810864023. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  32. ↑ Niane, Djibril (1965). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali.
  33. 1 2 Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). "A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)" (PDF). University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  34. ↑ Graft-Johnson, John Coleman De (1 January 1986). African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations. Black Classic Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780933121034. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  35. ↑ Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa. University Press of America. pp. 11. ISBN 9780761814566.
  1. ↑ Bambara waxay u adeegtaa sidii lingua franca oo ay ku hadlaan ku dhawaad 80% dadka dalka.[4]
  2. ↑ /ˈmɑːli/ ⓘ; Af Bambara pronunciation: [ma.li]
    • Farta N'Ko: ߡߊߟߌ
    • Fula: 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭
    • Af Carabi: مالي
  3. ↑
    • Af Bambara: Mali ka Fasojamana, Farta N'Ko: ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ
    • Fula: 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, romanized: Renndaandi Maali
    • Af Carabi: جمهورية مالي, romanized: Jumhūriyyāt Mālī
Cillad tixraac: Calaamadaha <ref> ayaa jira koox la magacaabay "lower-alpha", laakiin lama helin calaamadda u dhiganta. <references group="lower-alpha"/>.
Waxaa laga keenay "https://so.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maali&oldid=300581"