ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ

ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ	ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ 1 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2976 ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 12 241 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 45
ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ ● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● Read in English

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: biology), ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ βίος bios "ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ", ⴷ -λογία -logia "ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ", ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⵔⴰⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⵍⵀⵏⴷ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ (384–322 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ (botany) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵃⵉⴹ (776–869) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ "ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ (1213–1288) ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ

ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵕⵊ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⴱⵖⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ (ⵎⵕⵚⴰ) ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵉⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ ⵏ 1965, ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴹⵓⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓ ⴳⵍⵍⵓⵍ.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ. ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ/ⵢⵉⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴳⴳⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉⴹⵓⵡⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⴱⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ

ⵙⵉⴳⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ( 1856 - 1939 ) (ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt] ; ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [fʁøːd] ⵏⵖ [fʁœjd]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ (neurologue) ⴰⵡⵜⵔⵉⵛ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵚⵍⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ "ⴰⵔⴼⵔⴰⴽ ", ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⴳⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵍⵓⵎⵓ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴳ 6 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1856 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴱⵉⵔⴳ (ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ), ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵟⵟ ⴽⴽⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ, ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 07 ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ .ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ

ⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ . ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ

ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ

ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?

ⵜframeless

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ

ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
Frameless
Frameless
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵓⵕⵡⵉⵊ ⵙ 2 - 1.
ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵙ 3 - 1.
11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.

ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ

ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.

1961: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵚⵉⴷ.
1961: ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵍⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵎⵓⵃ, ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴳⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ: 13 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ● 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ● 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ

ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ● ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ● ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ

ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026 (ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ) ● ⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⵢ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ

	ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵟⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
—ⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ, ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵛⵏⵉⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?

... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?

ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ . ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (1660 - 1749) ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ

ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ: ⴰ ⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵣⴽⴽⴰ.
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ: ⴰⴷ ⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵣⴽⴽⴰ.
ⴰⵛⴽⵓ "ⴰⴷ" ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⵔ.

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ · ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ/7

ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ

ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵣⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ

ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 241 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.

ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ . ⵥⵕ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ