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Indoda

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A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.
Indoda

Indoda ingumuntu wesilisa omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ngamadoda abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene nenina), kungakhathaliseki ubulili bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe ngumfana (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (puberty stage) aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda.

Njengazo zonke ezinye izincelisi zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe androgen enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, epididymides, kanye nomthondo. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane.

Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (masculinity) nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa (patriarchy). Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana nokwaluka. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda.

Onguquyeka (Trans men) banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda.

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni doda esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa indodisisa, umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa indodisisi. Ibizo elithi isidoda libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma emalotheni. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ngendodana, bese umtwana oyintombazane abizwe ngendodakazi. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ngendojeyana.

Umchazampilo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ebantwini, amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. [1]

Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa Umthondo namasende.

Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (dimorphism) ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.[2]


Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. The pubic hair of both models is removed.
Photograph of an adult male human (right), with an adult female for comparison. The pubic hair of both models is removed.

Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.[3][4] Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.[5][6][7] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa:

  • Amahlombe abanzi;[8]
  • Izinwele zomzimba eziningi;
  • Umohimbo omkhulu,
  • Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane.

Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.[9] Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.[10]

Uhlelo lokuzala

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa

Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra.

Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa Umthondo kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.[11]

Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala ngenhlunu. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.[12]

Amandlendoda (Testosterone) avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco yelabioscrotal emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho weanti-Müllerian, avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa gonadotropin adedelwa izimfomavange (pituitary glands), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).[13]

Ubulili nokungena ocansini

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde kakhulu .

Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona nabantu be-intersex abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa.

Ubudoda

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Michelangelo ka- uDavide iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .

Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ngobudoda noma manliness) kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. [14]Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. [14]Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. [15]

Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. [16]Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. [16]

I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana nobuhle kanye ne- virile (avela e- Indo-European root vir okusho indoda ) ayakubonisa lokhu.

Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. [17]

Uphawu lobulili

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. [18]Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi lweMars .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi sisuselwe ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, eyiThouros . [19]

  1. ↑ Rey, Rodolfo; Josso, Nathalie; Racine, Chrystèle (2000). "Sexual Differentiation". Endotext (MDText.com, Inc.). PMID 25905232. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/. Retrieved 6 December 2021. "Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes."
  2. ↑ Wells, Jonathan C.K. (September 2007). "Sexual dimorphism of body composition". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21 (3): 415–430. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007. PMID 17875489.
  3. ↑ Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1054. ISBN 978-1-4377-3600-7.
  4. ↑ Pack PE (2016). CliffsNotes AP Biology (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-544-78417-8.
  5. ↑ Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1-133-16837-9.
  6. ↑ "Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics". Sciencing.com. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 October 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Elsevier Science. 2018. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-12-815145-7. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 October 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2005). The Developing Person Through the Life Span. Worth Publishers. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7167-5706-1.
  9. ↑ Robert-McComb, Jacalyn; Norman, Reid L.; Zumwalt, Mimi (2014). The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 223–238. ISBN 978-1-4614-8884-2. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 19 November 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Halpern, Diane F. (2013). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities (4th ed.). Psychology Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-136-72283-7. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 19 November 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ "Definition of Male genitalia". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 October 2019.
  12. ↑ Clement, Pierre; Giuliano, François (2015). "Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men". Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 130. pp. 19–37. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1. ISBN 978-0-444-63247-0. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 26003237.
  13. ↑ Goodman, H. Maurice (2009). Basic Medical Endocrinology (4th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 239–256. ISBN 978-0-12-373975-9.
  14. 1 2 Social vs biological citations:
  15. ↑ Male vs Masculine/Feminine:
  16. 1 2 Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context. 1998. https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591.
  17. ↑ Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.
  18. ↑ Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/.
  19. ↑ The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734.
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